T22 - Buiding Dazhai-type counties throughout the country

During the Cultural Revolutionary era, the criticizing campaign (大批判活动) was held.  There are a few sets of stamps on this theme.  The set (T8) was known as "big critcize" (大批), the set (T14) was also known as "small critcize" (小批), while this set T22 was known as "peasant critcize" (农批).

T22 was also the last set of stamp on criticizing campaign, symbolizing the end of the Cultural Revolutionary era.

On the other hand, T22 was the first set of stamps depicting four seasons in the stamp design, i.e. Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter.

In 1975, the slogan building Daizhai-type counties throughout the country was proposed in the national congress of learning from Dazhai in agriculture.  To coordinate with the movement, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of PRC released a set of four stamps on April 9, 1977.

(4-1) 8 fen, The revolutionized county party committee  革命化的县委
(4-2) 8 fen, A scene of prosperity  欣欣向荣
(4-3) 8 fen, Celebrating the bumper harvest  战“四害”庆丰收
(4-4) 8 fen, Work hard for the course of socialism  大干社会主义

“全党动员，大办农业，为普及大寨县而奋斗！”

(4-1)【The revolutionized county party committee】Spring: The stamp showed the county party committee carrying shovel, newspaper and a red banner showing "In Agriculture, learn from Dazhai" (农业学大寨), going to rural mountainous region, leading the peasants from the frontline building Dazhai-type county.   Background of the stamp showed terraced fields.

(4-2)【A scene of prosperity】Summer: The stamp showed three mechanized machines transplanting rice in a paddy field.  The slogan "In Agriculture, learn from Dazhai" (农业学大寨) was displayed on the mountainside.   In the far background on the right, the irrigation canal (Red Flag Canal) showed the location of the stamp was Linxian (林县).

(4-3)【Celebrating the bumper harvest】Autumn: The stamp showed a bumper harvest.  A criticizing campaign bulletin board was set up near the harvesting field, where the peasants could look at the bulletins during harvesting breaks.  Top of the criticizing bulletin board showed “大批修正主义、大批资本主义、大干社会主义” meaning "Criticize Revisionism, Criticize Capitalism, Go all out for Socialism".  Center of the bulletin board showed "狠批四人帮” meaning "Criticize the Gang of Four".

(4-4)【Work hard for the course of socialism】Winter: The stamp showed the hardworking peasants still hard at work in winter.  The are building the infrastructures such as digging irrigation canals through the mountainside, creating more fields for agriculture, etc.

T22 – Building Dazhai-type counties throughout the country  普及大寨县 Issue Date: 1977.4.9
Serial Number:	T22
Scott Number:	1329-1332
Michel Number:	1339-1342
Number of stamps in Set:	4
Denomination:	8 fen for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4
Quantity of Issue:	8,000,000 for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4
Perforation:	P11 X 11½
Sheet Composition:	50 (5 X 10) for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4
Size of stamps:	40 X 30 mm for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4
Designer:	Wan Weisheng 万维生
Printing Process:	Photogravure
Printing House:	Beijing Postage Stamp Printing Works

T5 - Dazhai Red Banner

Dazhai locates in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province.  Dazhai is part of the once barren, heavily eroded, desolate Loess Plateau and marked in the past by droughts, floods, famines, poverty and low productivity.

In the past, Dazhai production brigade was very poor.  Dazhai's commune members cleared away more than 100,000 cubic metres of sand and stones, built hundreds of stone dams and changed barren mountain into fertile lands using their wisdom, ingenuity, persistence and perspiration.

The villagers of Dazhai had not only built the village into one with well-managed fields.  They also built other engineering marvels such as reservoirs for water storage and aqueducts crossing deep valleys for irrigation.  They allegedly worked on their own on the principle of self-reliance, without any financial and technical support from the government.

In 1964, the great Chinese leader Mao Zedong issued a directive - "In Agriculture, learn from Dazhai", which set up Dazhai as a national agricultural model for all farmers across the country.

September 30, 1974, is the 10th anniversary of  In Agriculture, learn from Dazhai" campaign.   T5 - Dazhai Red Banner, is issued to commemorate and showcase the achievement at Dazhai.   The set of five stamps is listed as follows:

(5-1) 8 fen Revolutionary pride and enthusiasm  革命豪情
(5-2) 8 fen Hard struggle  艰苦奋斗
(5-3) 8 fen Scientific farming  科学种田
(5-4) 8 fen Bumper harvest  大丰收
(5-5) 8 fen Dazhai red flag flies forever  大寨红旗飘万代
　

(5-1)【Revolutionary pride and enthusiasm】Chen Yonggui (陈永贵) (1915 - 1986), an illiterate peasant from Dazhai, was appointed secretary of the Communist Party branch committee of Dazhai in 1952. Subsequently Chen Yonggui led a peasant movement that successfully turned the harsh environment surrounding Dazhai into an environment favourable to agriculture. He later became a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China and Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China. To remember his root as a farmer, Chen Yonggui always tied a white towel to his head, even on overseas state visits and at other formal occasions.

　　
(5-2)【Hard struggle】The stamp depicts Dazhai's commune members' persistence and struggle that changed the barren mountains into fertile farm lands.

(5-3)【Scientific farming】The stamp depicts Dazhai's commune members using science to aid their hard labour in the field.

(5-4)【Bumper harvest】The stamp depicts truck loads of Dazhai's bumper harvest after a season of hard labour.

(5-5)【Dazhai red flag flies forever】The stamp depicts the spirit (red flag) of Dazhai continues forever.
　

T5 – Dazhai Red Banner 大寨红旗 Issue Date: 1974.9.30
Serial Number:	T5
Scott No.:	1199-1203
Michel No.:	1207-1211
Number of stamps in Set:	5
Denomination:	8 fen for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Quantity of Issue:	8,000,000 for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Perforation:	P11
Sheet Composition:	35（5 X 7）
Size of stamps:	60 X 27 mm
Designer:	Li Yinqing  李印清
Printing Process:	Photogravure
Printing House:	Beijing Postage Stamp Printing Works

T4 - Daqing Red Banner

The Daqing oilfield, which lies in the Southwest of Heilongjian Province, was discovered on September 26, 1959, just before the 10th anniversary celebration of founding of People's Republic of China.   In celebration and commemoration, the oilfield was named "Daqing", which literally means "Great Celebration".

Daqing, the city, was founded in 1959 to house workers extracting oil and gas from Daqing oilfield and also host industries which could take advantage of the energy and petrochemicals extracted. 

At the beginning of building Daqing, the situations were difficult.  The land was wild, barren and a bitterly chill climate challanged the workers.  The workers went all out to build Daqing into a modern oil capital of China despite severe climate and shortages of money and supplies.  Daqing has became a role model of good practice in industry and healthcare, for other industrial cities to follow.

The fact that the great Chinese leader Mao Zedong has issued a directive - "In Industry, learn from Daqing" in 1964 reflects how important a role Daqing has played in industrial development in China.

September 30, 1974, is the 10th anniversary of  "In Industry, learn from Daqing" campaign.  T4 - Daqing Red Banner, is issued to commemorate and showcase the development at Daqing.
　
The set of five stamps is listed as follows:
(5-1) 8 fen Wang Jinxi, the "Iron Man"  铁人－ 王进喜
(5-2) 8 fen Build up Daqing through studying Chairman Mao's "On Practice" and "On Contradiction"  “ 两论” 起家
(5-3) 8 fen Building the enterprise with painstaking effort  艰苦创业
(5-4) 8 fen Scientific Management  科学管理
(5-5) 8 fen A new-type mining area  新型矿区

(5-1)【Wang Jinxi,the "Iron Man"】Wang Jinxi (王进喜, 1923-1970) was born in a poor peasant family in Yumen County, Gansu Province.  He started working in the Yumen Oilfield when he was 15 years old.  In 1956, he was admitted to the Chinese Communist Party.  When oil was discovered at Daqing Oilfield, Wang led his famous No. 1205 Drilling Team from Yumen Oilfield to Daqing Oilfield.  Undeterred by the low temperatures between -20 and -30 degC, they started drilling immediately.  After five days of drilling, they struck oil, and Daqing's first oil production well started operation.  Despite fatigue, injuries and difficulties, Wang kept going throughout.  For this he earned the title "Iron Man", and the name "Iron Man"  Wang became famous.   In 1960, the nation was called upon to learn from the Iron Man, and in 1967, he was made a national labour model.

(5-2)【Build up Daqing through studying Chairman Mao's "On Practice" and "On Contradiction"】"On Practice" 《实践论》was written by Mao Zedong in July 1937, on the relation between knowledge and practice, between Knowing and doing.  The essay was written in order to expose the subjectivist errors of dogmatism and empiricism in the Communist Party, and especially the error of dogmatism, from the standpoint of the Marxist theory of knowledge.  It's stress was on exposing the dogmatist kind of subjectivism, which belittles practice.   "On Contradiction" 《矛盾论》was written by Mao Zedong in August 1937.  This essay was written after the essay "On Practice" and with the same object of overcoming the serious error of dogmatist thinking to be found in the Communist Party at the time.   Both essays are delivered as lectures at the Anti-Japanese Military and Political College in Yenan.  The stamp design depicts Daqing's workers learning "On Practice" and "On Contradiction",

(5-3)【Building the enterprise with painstaking effort】Daqing was used as an example to entice young people to move to hardship areas to assist in the development of China.  The stamp depicts Daqing workers' perseverance and strength of spirit in working under extreme cold conditions. 

(5-4)【Scientific Management】Scientific Management is a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows.  Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labour productivity.  The stamp depicts Daqing's management workers at work.

(5-5)【A new-type mining area】The stamp shows a aerial view of Daqing, showing the great development of the area.

T4 – Daqing Red Banner 大庆红旗  Issue Date: 1974.9.30
Serial Number:	T4
Scott No.:	1194-1198
Michel No.:	1202-1206
Number of stamps in Set:	5
Denomination:	8 fen for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Quantity of Issue:	10,000,000 for stamp 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Perforation:	P11
Sheet Composition:	35（5 X 7）
Size of stamps:	60 X 27 mm
Designer:	Stamp 1 - 3: Ren Yu 任宇 Stamp 4 - 5: Pan Keming 潘可明
Printing Process:	Photogravure
Printing House:	Beijing Postage Stamp Printing Works